前言
????在业务系统,异常处理是所有开发人员必须面对的问题,在一定程度上,异常处理的能力反映出开发者对业务的驾驭水平;本章将着重介绍如何在 WebApi 程序中对异常进行捕获,然后利用 Nlog 组件进行记录;同时,还将介绍两种不同的
异常捕获方式:管道捕获/服务过滤;通过本练习,将学习到如何捕获异常、处理异常跳转、记录异常信息。
搭建框架
????首先,创建一个 WebApi 项目,选择 Asp.Net Core Web 应用程序;
- 进一步选择 Api 模板,这里使用的 .netcore 版本为 2.1
- 取消勾选 “启用 Docker 支持(E)” 和 “为 Https 配置(C)”,点击确定,得到一个完整的 WebApi 项目框架,如图
- 直接按 F5 运行项目,一切正常,程序启动后进入默认路由调用,并输出结果
异常路由
- 一切看起来都非常正常和美好,但,祸之福所倚;接下来我们在 接口 Get() 中人为的制造一点麻烦。
???????[HttpGet] ???????public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get() ???????{ ???????????throw new Exception("出错了....."); ???????????return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; ???????}
- 这是由于项目配置了运行环境变量 ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Development 后,Startup.cs 中配置了开发环境下,使用系统默认页,所以我们才可以看到上面的异常信息
- 如果你把环境变量设置为 ASPNETCORE_ENVIRONMENT=Production ,你会发现,在异常发生的时候,你得到了一个空白页。
异常处理方式一:服务过滤
????在传统的 Asp.Net MVC 应用程序中,我们一般都使用服务过滤的方式去捕获和处理异常,这种方式非常常见,而且可用性来说,体验也不错,幸运的是 Asp.Net Core 也完整的支持该方式,接下来创建一个全局异常处理类 CustomerExceptionFilter
public class CustomerExceptionFilter : Attribute, IExceptionFilter{ ???private readonly ILogger logger = null; ???private readonly IHostingEnvironment environment = null; ???public CustomerExceptionFilter(ILogger<CustomerExceptionFilter> logger, IHostingEnvironment environment) ???{ ???????this.logger = logger; ???????this.environment = environment; ???} ???public void OnException(ExceptionContext context) ???{ ???????Exception exception = context.Exception; ???????string error = string.Empty; ???????void ReadException(Exception ex) ???????{ ???????????error += string.Format("{0} | {1} | {2}", ex.Message, ex.StackTrace, ex.InnerException); ???????????if (ex.InnerException != null) ???????????{ ???????????????ReadException(ex.InnerException); ???????????} ???????} ???????ReadException(context.Exception); ???????logger.LogError(error); ???????ContentResult result = new ContentResult ???????{ ???????????StatusCode = 500, ???????????ContentType = "text/json;charset=utf-8;" ???????}; ???????if (environment.IsDevelopment()) ???????{ ???????????var json = new { message = exception.Message, detail = error }; ???????????result.Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(json); ???????} ???????else ???????{ ???????????result.Content = "抱歉,出错了"; ???????} ???????context.Result = result; ???????context.ExceptionHandled = true; ???}}
- CustomerExceptionFilter 继承自 IExceptionFilter 接口,并实现 void OnException(ExceptionContext context) 方法,在 CustomerExceptionFilter
构造方法中,定义了两个参数,用于记录异常日志和获取程序运行环境变量
???private readonly ILogger logger = null; ???private readonly IHostingEnvironment environment = null; ???public CustomerExceptionFilter(ILogger<CustomerExceptionFilter> logger, IHostingEnvironment environment) ???{ ???????this.logger = logger; ???????this.environment = environment; ???}
- 在接下来的 OnException 方法中,利用 environment 进行产品环境的判断,并使用 logger 将日志写入硬盘文件中,为了将日志写入硬盘,
需要引用 Nuget 包 NLog.Extensions.Logging/NLog.Web.AspNetCore ,并在 Startup.cs 文件的 Configure 方法中添加扩展
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory factory) ???????{ ???????????// 将 NLog ???????????factory.AddConsole(Configuration.GetSection("Logging")) ??????????????????.AddNLog() ??????????????????.AddDebug(); ???????????var nlogFile = System.IO.Path.Combine(env.ContentRootPath, "nlog.config"); ???????????env.ConfigureNLog(nlogFile); ???????????if (env.IsDevelopment()) ???????????{ ???????????????app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); ???????????} ???????????app.UseMvc(); ???????}
- 上面的代码读取了配置文件 nlog.config 并设置为 NLog 的配置,该文件定义如下
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?><nlog xmlns="http://www.nlog-project.org/schemas/NLog.xsd" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" autoReload="true" internalLogLevel="info"> ?<!-- Load the ASP.NET Core plugin --> ?<extensions> ???<add assembly="NLog.Web.AspNetCore"/> ?</extensions> ?<!-- Layout: https://github.com/NLog/NLog/wiki/Layout%20Renderers --> ?<targets> ???<target xsi:type="File" name="errorfile" fileName="/data/logs/logfilter/error-${shortdate}.log" layout="${longdate}|${logger}|${uppercase:${level}}| ?${message} ${exception}|${aspnet-Request-Url}" /> ???<target xsi:type="Null" name="blackhole" /> ?</targets> ?<rules> ???<logger name="Microsoft.*" minlevel="Error" writeTo="blackhole" final="true" /> ???<logger name="*" minlevel="Error" writeTo="errorfile" /> ?</rules></nlog>
- 为了在 WebApi 控制器中使用 CustomerExceptionFilter 过滤器,我们还需要在 Startup.cs 将 CustomerExceptionFilter 注入到容器中
???????// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container. ???????public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services) ???????{ ???????????// 将异常过滤器注入到容器中 ???????????services.AddScoped<CustomerExceptionFilter>(); ???????????services.AddMvc() ???????????????.SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_1); ???????}
- 最后,在控制器 ValuesController 中应用该异常过滤器
???[ServiceFilter(typeof(CustomerExceptionFilter))] ???[Route("api/[controller]"), ApiController] ???public class ValuesController : ControllerBase ???{ ???????// GET api/values ???????[HttpGet] ???????public ActionResult<IEnumerable<string>> Get() ???????{ ???????????throw new Exception("出错了....."); ???????????return new string[] { "value1", "value2" }; ???????} ???}
- 现在,按 F5 启动程序,如预期所料,报错信息被 CustomerExceptionFilter 捕获,并转换为 json 格式输出
- 同时,NLog 组件也将日志信息记录到了硬盘中
异常处理方式二:中间件捕获
????接下来利用 .NetCore 的管道模式,在中间件中对异常进行捕获,首先,创建一个中间件
public class ExceptionMiddleware{ ???private readonly RequestDelegate next; ???private readonly ILogger logger; ???private IHostingEnvironment environment; ???public ExceptionMiddleware(RequestDelegate next, ILogger<ExceptionMiddleware> logger, IHostingEnvironment environment) ???{ ???????this.next = next; ???????this.logger = logger; ???????this.environment = environment; ???} ???public async Task Invoke(HttpContext context) ???{ ???????try ???????{ ???????????await next.Invoke(context); ???????????var features = context.Features; ???????} ???????catch (Exception e) ???????{ ???????????await HandleException(context, e); ???????} ???} ???private async Task HandleException(HttpContext context, Exception e) ???{ ???????context.Response.StatusCode = 500; ???????context.Response.ContentType = "text/json;charset=utf-8;"; ???????string error = ""; ???????void ReadException(Exception ex) ???????{ ???????????error += string.Format("{0} | {1} | {2}", ex.Message, ex.StackTrace, ex.InnerException); ???????????if (ex.InnerException != null) ???????????{ ???????????????ReadException(ex.InnerException); ???????????} ???????} ???????ReadException(e); ???????if (environment.IsDevelopment()) ???????{ ???????????var json = new { message = e.Message, detail = error }; ???????????error = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(json); ???????} ???????else ???????????error = "抱歉,出错了"; ???????await context.Response.WriteAsync(error); ???}}
- 代码比较简单,在管道中使用 try/catch 进行捕获异常,创建 HandleException(HttpContext context, Exception e) 处理异常,判断是 Development 环境下,输出详细的错误信息,非 Development 环境仅提示调用者“抱歉,出错了”,同时使用 NLog 组件将日志写入硬盘;
同样,在 Startup.cs 中将 ExceptionMiddleware 加入管道中
???????// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to configure the HTTP request pipeline. ???????public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env, ILoggerFactory factory) ???????{ ???????????// 将 NLog ???????????factory.AddConsole(Configuration.GetSection("Logging")) ??????????????????.AddNLog() ??????????????????.AddDebug(); ???????????var nlogFile = System.IO.Path.Combine(env.ContentRootPath, "nlog.config"); ???????????env.ConfigureNLog(nlogFile); ???????????// ExceptionMiddleware 加入管道 ???????????app.UseMiddleware<ExceptionMiddleware>(); ???????????//if (env.IsDevelopment()) ???????????//{ ???????????// ???app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(); ???????????//} ???????????app.UseMvc(); ???????}
- 一切就绪,按 F5 运行程序,网页中输出了期望中的 json 格式错误信息,同时 NLog 组件也将日志写入了硬盘
结语
????在本例中,通过依赖注入和管道中间件的方式,演示了两种不同的全局捕获异常处理的过程;值得注意到是,两种方式对于 NLog 的使用,都是一样的,没有任何差别,代码无需改动;实际项目中,也是应当区分不同的业务场景,输出不同的
日志信息,不管是从安全或者是用户体验友好性上面来说,都是非常值得推荐的方式,全局异常捕获处理,完全和业务剥离。
- 努力为开源社区作贡献,推荐一个自己开发的基于 .netcore+pgsql 的快速开发脚手架,内置 ORM框架,github地址:https://github.com/lianggx/mystaging
- 文中如有疏漏之处,欢迎指正。
- 源码下载:https://files.cnblogs.com/files/viter/Ron.LogFilter.zip
Asp.NetCore依赖注入和管道方式的异常处理及日志记录
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/viter/p/10013195.html