本文收录在容器技术学习系列文章总目录
1、认识kubernetes资源
1.1 常用资源/对象
- workload工作负载型资源:pod,ReplicaSet,Deployment,StatefulSet,daemonset,job...
- 服务器发现及均衡:Service,Lngress...
- 配置与存储:volume,CSI
- configmap,secret
- downwardAPI
- 集群级资源
- namespace,node,role,clusterrole,rolebinding,clusterrolebinding
- 元数据型资源
- HPA,podtemplate,limitrange
1.2 创建资源的方法
- apiserver 仅接受JSON格式的资源定义;
- yaml格式提供配置清单,apiserver 可自动将其转为JSON格式,而后再提交;
1.3 大部分(主流)资源的配置清单:有5个一级字段组成
- apiserver:group/version
- 查询当前支持哪些apiserver:$ kubectl api-versions
- kind:资源类别
- metadata:元数据
- name:名称
- namespace:名称空间
- labels:标签
- annotation:资源注解
- selfLink:每个资源的引用PATH,/api/GROUP/VERSION/namespaces/NAMESPACE/TYPE/NAME
- spec:期望的状态(disired state),期望资源应该用于什么特性
- status:当前状态(current state),本字段由kubernetes集群维护,用户不能自己定义
1.4 使用kubectl explain查询每个资源如何配置
(1)例如查询如何定义pod资源
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain podKIND: ????PodVERSION: ?v1DESCRIPTION: ????Pod is a collection of containers that can run on a host. This resource is ????created by clients and scheduled onto hosts.FIELDS: ??apiVersion<string>... ... ??kind<string>... ... ??metadata<Object>... ... ??spec<Object>... ... ??status<Object>... ...
(2)能一级一级进入查询;如查询定义pod 的metadata字段
[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.specKIND: ????PodVERSION: ?v1RESOURCE: spec <Object>DESCRIPTION:... ...FIELDS:... .. ??affinity<Object>... ...[root@master ~]# kubectl explain pod.spec.containersKIND: ????PodVERSION: ?v1RESOURCE: containers <[]Object>DESCRIPTION:... ...FIELDS: ??args<[]string>... ... ??command<[]string>... ... ??
自己定义资源时,不清楚如何定义,可以进行快速的查询
1.5 示例
(1)查询集群中的pod(上篇创建的pod)
[root@master ~]# kubectl get podsNAME ?????????????????????????READY ????STATUS ???RESTARTS ??AGEclient ???????????????????????1/1 ??????Running ??0 ?????????4hmyapp-848b5b879b-9slqg ???????1/1 ??????Running ??0 ?????????46mmyapp-848b5b879b-wtrjr ???????1/1 ??????Running ??0 ?????????46mmyapp-848b5b879b-z2sqc ???????1/1 ??????Running ??0 ?????????46m
(2)-o yaml输出为yaml格式,查看pod创建的操作
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg -o yamlapiVersion: v1 ?#api版本kind: Pod ?#资源类别metadata: ?#元数据 ?annotations: ???cni.projectcalico.org/podIP: 10.244.1.60/32 ?labels: ???pod-template-hash: "4046164356" ???run: myapp ?name: myapp-848b5b879b-9slqg ?namespace: default... ... ?selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/myapp-848b5b879b-9slqgspec: ?#规格、规范;期望资源应该用于什么特性;期望目标状态... ...status: ?#当前状态... ...
1.6 演示:基于yaml格式文件,创建pod
[root@master ~]# mkdir manifests[root@master ~]# cd manifests/
(1)编写pod-demo.yaml文件
创建2个容器,一个运行nginx;一个在busybox中执行sleep命令
[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: pod-demo ?namespace: default ?#labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以写为{}形式; ?labels: #也可以在下边分级写 ???app: myapp ???tier: frontendspec: ?containers: ?- name: myapp ???image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1 ?- name: busybox ???image: busybox:latest ???#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"] ?#列表可以写为[]形式; ???command: #也可以在下边分级写,要加- ???- "/bin/sh" ???- "-c" ???- "sleep 3600"
(2)基于pod-demo.yaml 文件创建create pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml pod/pod-demo created
(3)验证
① 查询创建pod的信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yamlpod/pod-demo created[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods -o wideNAME ??????READY ????STATUS ???RESTARTS ??AGE ??????IP ???????????NODEpod-demo ??2/2 ??????Running ??0 ?????????1m ???????10.244.1.61 ??node1---查看详细信息[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods pod-demoName: ??????????????pod-demoNamespace: ?????????default... ...
② 访问pod中的服务
[root@master manifests]# curl 10.244.1.61Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>---查询pod产生的日志[root@master manifests]# kubectl logs pod-demo myapp192.168.130.104 - - [23/Jan/2019:05:35:35 +0000] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 65 "-" "curl/7.29.0" "-"
③ 基于yaml文件删除pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo.yaml pod "pod-demo" deleted[root@master manifests]# kubectl get podsNo resources found.
2、Pod资源
2.1 Pod资源常用选项
- metadata.label:标签
- key=value
- key:字母、数字、_、-、.
- value:可以为空,只能字母或数字开头及结尾,中间可使用字母、数字、_、-、.
- key=value
- metadata.annotations:资源注解
- spec.containers <[]object>
- - name:容器名称
- image:镜像
- imagePullPolicy:下载镜像规则,若镜像时latest标签,默认是Always;否则默认IfNotPresen
- Always总是镜像,Never不下载镜像,IfNotPresent本地有则不下载
- ports:从容器中公开的端口列表
- containerPort:Pod中服务的端口号
- hostIP:暴露绑定在主机哪个IP上
- hostPort:暴露在主机的端口号
- name:暴露这个端口的名称
- args:参数
- command:执行命令
- spec.nodeSelector:节点标签选择器
2.2 演示
(1)修改pod-demo.yaml文件
[root@master manifests]# vim pod-demo.yaml apiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: pod-demo ?namespace: default ?#labels: {app:myapp, tier:frontend} #映射可以写为{}形式; ?labels: #也可以在下边分级写 ???app: myapp ???tier: frontend ?annotations: ???along.com/created-by: "cluster admin"spec: ?containers: ?- name: myapp ???image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1 ???ports: ???- name: http ?????containerPort: 80 ???- name: https ?????containerPort: 443 ?- name: busybox ???image: busybox:latest ???imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent ???#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","sleep 3600"] ?#列表可以写为[]形式; ???command: #也可以在下边分级写,要加- ???- "/bin/sh" ???- "-c" ???- "sleep 3600" ?nodeSelector: ???disktype: ssd
(2)将node1节点打上disktype=ssd的标签
[root@master manifests]# kubectl label node node1 disktype=ssd[root@master manifests]# kubectl get nodes node1 --show-labelsNAME ?????STATUS ???ROLES ????AGE ??????VERSION ??LABELSnode1 ????Ready ????<none> ???140d ?????v1.11.2 ??beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,disktype=ssd,kubernetes.io/hostname=node1
(3)基于yaml文件创建pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f pod-demo.yaml pod/pod-demo created
(4)验证
--- pod只会创建到node1节点上,因为node1的disktype=ssd标签[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pod -o wideNAME ??????READY ????STATUS ???RESTARTS ??AGE ??????IP ???????????NODEpod-demo ??2/2 ??????Running ??0 ?????????11s ??????10.244.1.68 ??node1--- -l 指定标签,实现标签过滤[root@master manifests]# kubectl get pods --show-labels -l appNAME ??????READY ????STATUS ???RESTARTS ??AGE ??????LABELSpod-demo ??2/2 ??????Running ??0 ?????????30s ??????app=myapp,tier=frontend
3、Pod健康检测
3.1 pod健康检测介绍
- pod健康检测分为存活性探测、 就绪型探测;这在生产环境几乎是必须配置的;
- 如果没有就绪型探测;pod一启动就会被分配用户流量;若pod中的服务像tomcat等,需要时间启动;就会导致有一定时间,用户访问不到服务;
- 如果没有存活性探测:pod中服务一旦失败,没有检测,不会将容器重启关闭;也会导致用户访问服务失败。
3.2 pod健康检测选项
(1)在spec字段下、containers字段配置,可使用explain查看详细用法
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.
- livenessProbe 存活性探测
- exec:指定检测的命令
- failureThreshold:连续失败次数被认为失败,默认为3,最小值为1
- httpGet:指定要执行的http请求
- initialDelaySeconds:在容器启动多少秒后再检测
- periodSeconds:每隔多少秒探测一次;默认为10秒。最低限度值是1
- successThreshold:连续成功次数认为服务正常
- tcpSocket:定涉及TCP端口的操作
- timeoutSeconds:探测超时的秒数,默认为1秒
- readinessProbe 就绪型探测(和livenessProbe 存活性探测选项一样)
(2)pod中容器挂了,是否重启pod
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.restartPolicy.
- Always:总是重启(默认)
- OnFailure:只有容器状态为错误时,才重启
- Never:绝不重启
3.3 演示:exec方式实现存活性探测
(1)编写yaml文件
当探测到/tmp/healthy文件不存在时,认为服务故障;
容器在30秒后执行删除/tmp/healthy文件
[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-exec.yamlapiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: liveness-exec-pod ?namespace: defaultspec: ?containers: ?- name: liveness-exec-container ???image: busybox:latest ???imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent ???command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"] ???livenessProbe: ?????exec: ???????command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"] ?????initialDelaySeconds: 1 ?#在容器启动后1秒开始检测 ?????periodSeconds: 3 ?#每隔3秒探测一次 ?restartPolicy: Always ?#总是重启pod
(2)创建运行pod
[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-exec.yaml pod/liveness-exec-pod created[root@master manifests]# kubectl get podsNAME ???????????????READY ????STATUS ???????RESTARTS ??AGEliveness-exec-pod ??1/1 ??????Running ??????0 ?????????6s
(3)等30s,容器就会检测失败,重启pod;使用describe可以查看详细信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-exec-pod... ... ???State: ?????????Running ?????Started: ?????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800 ???Last State: ????Terminated ?#上次状态为终止 ?????Reason: ??????Error ?????Exit Code: ???137 ?????Started: ?????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:57:01 +0800 ?????Finished: ????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 16:58:09 +0800 ???Ready: ?????????True ???Restart Count: ?1 ?#重启次数1次 ???Liveness: ??????exec [test -e /tmp/healthy] delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3... ...
3.4 演示:httpget方式实现存活性探测
(1)编写yaml文件,创建并运行pod
当探测不到容器内80端口,和提供80端口的/index.html文件时,认为服务故障;
[root@master manifests]# vim liveness-httpget.yamlapiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: liveness-httpget-pod ?namespace: defaultspec: ?containers: ?- name: liveness-exec-container ???image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1 ???ports: ???- name: http ?????containerPort: 80 ???livenessProbe: ?????httpget: ???????port: http ???????path: /index.html ?????initialDelaySeconds: 1 ?????periodSeconds: 3 ?restartPolicy: Always[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f liveness-httpget.yamlpod/liveness-httpget-pod created
(2)手动连入容器,删除index.html文件
[root@master manifests]# kubectl exec -it liveness-httpget-pod -- /bin/sh/ # rm -f /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
(3)容器会检测失败,重启pod;使用describe可以查看详细信息
[root@master manifests]# kubectl describe pods liveness-httpget-pod... ... ???Port: ??????????80/TCP ???Host Port: ?????0/TCP ???State: ?????????Running ?????Started: ?????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800 ???Last State: ????Terminated ?#上次状态为终止 ?????Reason: ??????Completed ?????Exit Code: ???0 ?????Started: ?????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:08:22 +0800 ?????Finished: ????Wed, 23 Jan 2019 17:10:03 +0800 ???Ready: ?????????True ???Restart Count: ?1 ?#重启次数1次 ???Liveness: ??????http-get http://:http/index.html delay=1s timeout=1s period=3s #success=1 #failure=3... ...
3.5 演示:exec方式实现就绪性探测
(1)编写yaml文件,创建启动容器
当探测到/tmp/healthy文件不存在时,就认为服务就绪不成功;pod启动失败;
[root@master manifests]# vim readiness-exec.yamlapiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: readiness-exec-pod ?namespace: defaultspec: ?containers: ?- name: readiness-exec-container ???image: busybox:latest ???imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent ???#command: ["/bin/sh","-c","touch /tmp/healthy; sleep 30; rm -f /tmp/healthy; sleep 3600"] ???command: ["sleep 3600"] ???readinessProbe: ?????exec: ???????command: ["test","-e","/tmp/healthy"] ?????periodSeconds: 3 ?restartPolicy: Always[root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f readiness-exec.yamlpod/readiness-exec-pod created
(2)查看,pod启动就绪失败
[root@master ~]# kubectl get podsNAME ????????????????READY ????STATUS ?????????????RESTARTS ??AGEreadiness-exec-pod ??0/1 ??????RunContainerError ??1 ?????????12s
4、Pod启动前/后钩子
4.1 介绍
- pod在启动前后都可以设置钩子hook;在spec.containers.lifecycle字段下设置;
- postStart:创建容器后立即调用PostStart操作;如果失败,根据重启策略终止;
- preStop:在容器终止之前立即调用PreStop操作,该容器在处理程序完成后终止
4.2 语法
$ kubectl explain pod.spec.containers.lifecycle
- postStart
- exec:指定了要采取的命令;
- httpGet:指定要执行的http请求;
- tcpSocket:指定涉及TCP端口的操作
- preStop (和postStart命令一样)
4.3 演示:使用exec设置pod启动前钩子
(1)编写yaml文件,创建启动容器
启动容器前,先创建准备一个httpd服务的主页面文件/tmp/index.html
[root@master manifests]# vim poststart-pod.yamlapiVersion: v1kind: Podmetadata: ?name: poststart-pod ?namespace: defaultspec: ?containers: ?- name: ?poststart-container ???image: busybox:latest ???imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent ???lifecycle: ?????postStart: ???????exec: ?????????command: [‘/bin/sh‘,‘-c‘,‘echo hello > /tmp/index.html‘] ???command: [‘/bin/sh‘,‘-c‘,‘/bin/httpd -f -h /tmp‘][root@master manifests]# kubectl create -f poststart-pod.yaml pod/poststart-pod created
(2)验证,访问服务
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wideNAME ???????????READY ????STATUS ???RESTARTS ??AGE ??????IP ???????????NODEpoststart-pod ??1/1 ??????Running ??0 ?????????26s ??????10.244.2.69 ??node2[root@master ~]# curl 10.244.2.69hello
kubernetes系列06—kubernetes资源清单定义入门
原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/along21/p/10313341.html