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Netty原理和使用

发布时间:2023-09-06 02:07责任编辑:蔡小小关键词:暂无标签
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性能主题

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Netty原理和使用

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  Netty是一个高性能 事件驱动的异步的非堵塞的IO(NIO)框架,用于建立TCP等底层的连接,基于Netty可以建立高性能的Http服务器。支持HTTP、 ?WebSocket ?、Protobuf、 ????????Binary ?????TCP |和UDP,Netty已经被很多高性能项目作为其Socket底层基础,如HornetQ ?????Infinispan ?????Vert.x
?????Play Framework ??????Finangle和 ?????Cassandra。其竞争对手是:Apache MINA和 ?????Grizzly。

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   传统堵塞的IO读取如下:

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InputStream is = new FileInputStream("input.bin");
?????????????????int byte = is.read(); // 当前线程等待结果到达直至错误

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   而使用NIO如下:

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while (true) {
??????????????????? selector.select(); // 从多个通道请求事件
??????????????????? Iterator it = selector.selectedKeys().iterator();
??????????????????? while (it.hasNext()) {
???????????????????  SelectorKey key = (SelectionKey) it.next();
???????????????????  handleKey(key);
???????????????????  it.remove();
????????????????? }
?????????????????}

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堵塞与非堵塞原理

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  传统硬件的堵塞如下,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,而CPU一直等到磁盘写完成,磁盘的写操作是慢的,这段时间CPU被堵塞不能发挥效率。

????????????????? ?????????????????

  使用非堵塞的DMA如下图:CPU只是发出写操作这样的指令,做一些初始化工作,DMA具体执行,从内存中读取数据,然后写到磁盘,当完成写后发出一个中断事件给CPU。这段时间CPU是空闲的,可以做别的事情。这个原理称为Zero.copy零拷贝。

????????????????? ?????????????????

  Netty底层基于上述Java NIO的零拷贝原理实现:

????????????????? ?????????????????

比较

?????????????????
    ???????????????????
  • Tomcat是一个Web服务器,它是采取一个请求一个线程,当有1000客户端时,会耗费很多内存。通常一个线程将花费 ???????????????????256kb到1mb的stack空间。
  • ???????????????????
  • Node.js是一个线程服务于所有请求,在错误处理上有限制
  • ???????????????????
  • Netty是一个线程服务于很多请求,如下图,当从Java NIO获得一个Selector事件,将激活通道Channel。
  • ?????????????????
????????????????? ?????????????????

演示

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Netty的使用代码如下:

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Channel channel = ...
???????????????????ChannelFuture cf = channel.write(data);
???????????????????cf.addListener(
???????????????????  new ChannelFutureListener() {
???????????????????   @Override
???????????????????   public void operationComplete(ChannelFuture future) throws Exception {
???????????????????     if(!future.isSuccess() {
???????????????????        future.cause().printStacktrace();
???????????????????        ...
???????????????????     }
???????????????????     ...
???????????????????   }
???????????????????});
???????????????????...
?????????????????cf.sync();

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通过引入观察者监听,当有数据时,将自动激活监听者中的代码运行。

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我们使用Netty建立一个服务器代码:

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public class EchoServer {

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    private final int port;

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    public EchoServer(int port) {
?        this.port = port;
?    }

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    public void run() throws Exception {
?        // Configure the server.
?        EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
?        EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup();
?        try {
?            ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();
?            b.group(bossGroup, ?workerGroup).channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 100)
?                   .handler(new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO)).childHandler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
?                       @Override
?                       public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
?                           ch.pipeline().addLast(
?                           // new ?LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
?                                   new EchoServerHandler());
?                       }
?                   });

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            // Start the server.
?            ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();

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            // Wait until the server socket is closed.
?            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
?        } finally {
?            // Shut down all event loops to terminate ?all threads.
?            bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();
?            workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();
?        }
?    }

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?????}

这段代码调用:在9999端口启动

new EchoServer(9999).run();

我们需要完成的代码是EchoServerHandler

public class EchoServerHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoServerHandler.class.getName());

    @Override
?    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ?ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
?        ctx.write(msg);
?    }

    @Override
?    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
?        ctx.flush();
?    }

    @Override
?    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
?        // Close the connection when an exception ?is raised.
?        logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
?        ctx.close();
?    }
?}

原理

   一个Netty服务器的原理如下:

  图中每次请求的读取是通过UpStream来实现,然后激活我们的服务逻辑如EchoServerHandler,而服务器向外写数据,也就是响应是通过DownStream实现的。每个通道Channel包含一对UpStream和DownStream,以及我们的handlers(EchoServerHandler),如下图,这些都是通过channel pipeline封装起来的,数据流在管道里流动,每个Socket对应一个ChannelPipeline。

   CHANNELPIPELINE是关键,它类似Unix的管道,有以下作用:

    ?
  • 为每个Channel 保留 ChannelHandlers ,如EchoServerHandler
    ???
  • ?
  • 所有的事件都要通过它
    ???
  • ?
  • 不断地修改:类似unix的SH管道: echo "Netty is shit...." | sed -e ‘s/is /is the /‘
    ???
  • ?
  • 一个Channel对应一个 ???ChannelPipeline
  • ?
  • 包含协议编码解码 安全验证SSL/TLS和应用逻辑

客户端代码

  前面我们演示了服务器端代码,下面是客户端代码:

public class EchoClient {
?    private final String host;
?    private final int port;
?    private final int firstMessageSize;

    public EchoClient(String host, int port, int firstMessageSize) {
?        this.host = host;
?        this.port = port;
?        this.firstMessageSize = firstMessageSize;
?    }

    public void run() throws Exception {
?        // Configure the client.
?        EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup();
?        try {
?            Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap();
?           b.group(group).channel(NioSocketChannel.class).option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true).handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {
?                @Override
?                public void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {
?                   ch.pipeline().addLast(
?                   // new LoggingHandler(LogLevel.INFO),
?                           new EchoClientHandler(firstMessageSize));
?                }
?            });

            // Start the client.
?            ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();

            // Wait until the connection is closed.
?            f.channel().closeFuture().sync();
?        } finally {
?            // Shut down the event loop to terminate ?all threads.
?            group.shutdownGracefully();
?        }
?    }
?}

客户端的应用逻辑EchoClientHandler

public class EchoClientHandler extends ChannelInboundHandlerAdapter {

    private static final Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(EchoClientHandler.class.getName());

    private final ByteBuf firstMessage;

    /**
?     * ?Creates a client-side handler.
?     */
?    public EchoClientHandler(int firstMessageSize) {
?        if (firstMessageSize <= 0) {
?            throw new IllegalArgumentException("firstMessageSize: " + firstMessageSize);
?        }
?        firstMessage = Unpooled.buffer(firstMessageSize);
?        for (int i = 0; i < firstMessage.capacity(); i++) {
?            firstMessage.writeByte((byte) i);
?        }
?    }

    @Override
?    public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ?ctx) {
?        ctx.writeAndFlush(firstMessage);
?        System.out.print("active");
?    }

    @Override
?    public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ?ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {
?        ctx.write(msg);
?        System.out.print("read");
?    }

    @Override
?    public void channelReadComplete(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {
?        ctx.flush();
?        System.out.print("readok");
?    }

    @Override
?    public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) {
?        // Close the connection when an exception ?is raised.
?        logger.log(Level.WARNING, "Unexpected exception from downstream.", cause);
?        ctx.close();
?    }

}

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原文地址:https://www.jdon.com/concurrent/netty.html

Netty原理和使用

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/jpfss/p/9395468.html

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