文件上传与邮件发送

# 文件上传与邮件发送### 原生实现- 模板文件 ?```html ?<form method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data"> ?????<input type="file" name="photo" /><br /> ?????<input type="submit" value="上传" /> ?</form> ?```- 视图函数 ?```python ?import os ?# 配置上传文件保存目录 ?app.config[‘UPLOADED_FOLDER‘] = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), ‘static/upload‘) ?@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????if request.method == ‘POST‘: ?????????# 获取上传对象 ?????????photo = request.files.get(‘photo‘) ?????????if photo: ?????????????# 拼接保存路径名 ?????????????pathname = os.path.join(app.config[‘UPLOADED_FOLDER‘], photo.filename) ?????????????# 保存上传文件 ?????????????photo.save(pathname) ?????????????return ‘上传成功‘ ?????????else: ?????????????return ‘上传失败‘ ?????return render_template(‘upload.html‘) ?```- 上传限制设置 ?```python ?# 允许上传的文件后缀 ?ALLOWED_SUFFIX = set([‘png‘, ‘jpg‘, ‘jpeg‘, ‘gif‘]) ?# 判断是否是允许的后缀 ?def allowed_file(filename): ?????return ‘.‘ in filename and filename.rsplit(‘.‘, 1)[1] in ALLOWED_SUFFIX ???????# 限制请求大小 ?app.config[‘MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH‘] = 1024 * 1024 * 8 ?# 展示上传的图片 ?@app.route(‘/uploaded/<filename>‘) ?def uploaded(filename): ?????return send_from_directory(app.config[‘UPLOADED_FOLDER‘], filename) ?????@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????img_url = None ?????if request.method == ‘POST‘: ?????????# 获取上传对象 ?????????photo = request.files.get(‘photo‘) ?????????if photo and allowed_file(photo.filename): ?????????????# 拼接保存路径名 ?????????????pathname = os.path.join(app.config[‘UPLOADED_FOLDER‘], photo.filename) ?????????????# 保存上传文件 ?????????????photo.save(pathname) ?????????????# 构造上传文件的url ?????????????img_url = url_for(‘uploaded‘, filename=photo.filename) ?????return render_template(‘upload.html‘, img_url=img_url) ?```### flask-uploads- 说明：极大的的简化了文件上传相关的操作，使用非常方面。- 安装：`pip install flask-uploads`- 使用： ?- 配置 ?```python ?from flask_uploads import UploadSet, IMAGES ?from flask_uploads import configure_uploads ?from flask_uploads import patch_request_class ?import os ?app.config[‘UPLOADED_PHOTOS_DEST‘] = os.getcwd() ?app.config[‘MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH‘] = 8 * 1024 * 1024 ?# 创建上传对象 ?photos = UploadSet(‘photos‘, IMAGES) ?# 配置上传对象 ?configure_uploads(app, photos) ?# 配置上传文件大小，默认为64M， ?# 若设置为None，则以MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH配置为准 ?patch_request_class(app, size=None) ?``` ?- 视图函数 ?```python ?@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????img_url = None ?????if request.method == ‘POST‘: ?????????# 获取上传对象 ?????????photo = request.files.get(‘photo‘) ?????????if photo: ?????????????# 保存上传文件，返回文件名 ?????????????filename = photos.save(photo) ?????????????# 根据文件名获取上传文件的URL ?????????????img_url = photos.url(filename) ?????return render_template(‘upload.html‘, img_url=img_url) ?```### 综合使用- 要求：结合flask-bootstrap、flask-wtf、flask-uploads等完成文件上传- 使用： ?- 配置 ?```python ?from flask_wtf import FlaskForm ?from flask_wtf.file import FileField, FileAllowed, FileRequired ?from wtforms import SubmitField ?from flask_uploads import UploadSet, IMAGES ?from flask_uploads import configure_uploads ?from flask_uploads import patch_request_class ?from flask_bootstrap import Bootstrap ?import os ?bootstrap = Bootstrap(app) ?app.config[‘SECRET_KEY‘] = ‘123456‘ ?app.config[‘MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH‘] = 8 * 1024 * 1024 ?app.config[‘UPLOADED_PHOTOS_DEST‘] = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), ‘static/upload‘) ?photos = UploadSet(‘photos‘, IMAGES) ?configure_uploads(app, photos) ?patch_request_class(app, size=None) ?class UploadForm(FlaskForm): ?????photo = FileField(‘头像‘, validators=[FileRequired(message=‘请选择文件‘), ??????????????????????????????????????????FileAllowed(photos, message=‘只能上传图片文件‘)]) ?????submit = SubmitField(‘上传‘) ?``` ?- 视图函数 ?```python ?@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????img_url = None ?????form = UploadForm() ?????if form.validate_on_submit(): ?????????photo = form.photo.data ?????????filename = photos.save(photo) ?????????img_url = photos.url(filename) ?????return render_template(‘upload.html‘, form=form, img_url=img_url) ?``` ?- 模板文件 ?```html ?{% extends ‘bootstrap/base.html‘ %} ?{% from ‘bootstrap/wtf.html‘ import quick_form %} ?{% block title %}完整的文件上传{% endblock %} ?{% block content %} ?????<div class="container"> ?????????{% if img_url %} ?????????????<img src="{{ img_url }}"> ?????????{% endif %} ?????????{{ quick_form(form) }} ?????</div> ?{% endblock %} ?``` ?- 生成随机文件名 ?```python ?def random_string(length=32): ?????import random ?????base_str = ‘abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz1234567890‘ ?????return ‘‘.join(random.choice(base_str) for i in range(length)) ?????@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????。。。 ?????????# 提取文件后缀 ?????????suffix = os.path.splitext(photo.filename)[1] ?????????# 生成随机文件名 ?????????filename = random_string() + suffix ?????????# 保存文件 ?????????photos.save(photo, name=filename) ?????。。。 ?``` ?- 生成缩略图：PIL模块(只支持py2，要支持py3需要安装pillow) ?```python ?from PIL import Image ?@app.route(‘/upload/‘, methods=[‘GET‘, ‘POST‘]) ?def upload(): ?????... ?????????# 拼接完整文件路径名 ?????????pathname = os.path.join(app.config[‘UPLOADED_PHOTOS_DEST‘], filename) ?????????# 打开文件 ?????????img = Image.open(pathname) ?????????# 设置大小 ?????????img.thumbnail((64, 64)) ?????????# 保存图片 ?????????img.save(pathname) ?????... ?```### flask-mail- 说明：专门用于邮件发送的扩展库，使用非常方便。- 安装：`pip install flask-mail`- 使用： ?```python ?from flask_mail import Mail, Message ?import os ?# 邮件发送配置，一定要放在创建Mail对象之前 ?app.config[‘MAIL_SERVER‘] = ‘smtp.1000phone.com‘ ?# 用户名 ?app.config[‘MAIL_USERNAME‘] = ‘lijie@1000phone.com‘ ?# 密码 ?app.config[‘MAIL_PASSWORD‘] = os.getenv(‘MAIL_PASSWORD‘, ‘123456‘) ?# 创建发送邮件的对象 ?mail = Mail(app) ?@app.route(‘/send/‘) ?def send(): ?????# 创建邮件消息对象 ?????msg = Message(‘账户激活‘, ???????????????????recipients=[‘shuai_fmzj@163.com‘], ???????????????????sender=app.config[‘MAIL_USERNAME‘]) ?????msg.html = ‘恭喜你，中奖了！！！‘ ?????# 发送邮件 ?????mail.send(msg) ?????return ‘邮件已发送‘ ?```- 封装函数发送邮件 ?```python ?def send_mail(subject, to, template, *args, **kwargs): ?????if isinstance(to, list): ?????????recipients = to ?????elif isinstance(to, str): ?????????recipients = to.split(‘,‘) ?????else: ?????????raise Exception(‘邮件接收者参数类型有误‘) ?????# 创建邮件消息对象 ?????msg = Message(subject, ???????????????????recipients=recipients, ???????????????????sender=app.config[‘MAIL_USERNAME‘]) ?????# 将邮件模板渲染后作为邮件内容 ?????msg.html = render_template(template, *args, **kwargs) ?????# 发送邮件 ?????mail.send(msg) ?```- 异步发送邮件 ?```python ?from flask import current_app ?# 异步发送邮件任务 ?def async_send_mail(app, msg): ?????# 邮件发送必须在程序上下文 ?????# 新的线程中没有上下文，因此需要手动创建 ?????with app.app_context(): ?????????mail.send(msg) ???????????# 封装函数发送邮件 ?def send_mail(subject, to, template, *args, **kwargs): ?????if isinstance(to, list): ?????????recipients = to ?????elif isinstance(to, str): ?????????recipients = to.split(‘,‘) ?????else: ?????????raise Exception(‘邮件接收者参数类型有误‘) ?????# 创建邮件消息对象 ?????msg = Message(subject, ???????????????????recipients=recipients, ???????????????????sender=app.config[‘MAIL_USERNAME‘]) ?????# 将邮件模板渲染后作为邮件内容 ?????msg.html = render_template(template, *args, **kwargs) ?????# 异步发送邮件 ?????# current_app是app的代理对象 ?????# 根据代理对象current_app找到原始的app ?????app = current_app._get_current_object() ?????# 创建线程 ?????thr = Thread(target=async_send_mail, args=(app, msg)) ?????# 启动线程 ?????thr.start() ?????# 返回线程 ?????return thr ?????????```###环境变量- windows： ?- 设置：`set 环境变量名=值` ?- 获取：`set 环境变量名`- linux： ?- 导出：`export 环境变量名=值` ?- 获取：`echo $环境变量名`- 代码： ?- `os.getenv(‘环境变量名‘, ‘123456‘)`