Django开发:（1）django基础 & url控制器

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef application(environ,start_response): ???# wsgi做的两件事情： ???# 1. 按照HTTP请求协议解析数据：environ参数是个字典； ???# 2. 按照HTTP响应协议封装数据：start_response ???# 当前请求路径 ???path = environ.get(‘PATH_INFO‘) ???start_response(‘200 OK‘,[(‘Content-Type‘,‘text/html‘)]) ?# 第一个参数是响应头（字符串）；第二个是响应首行（列表） ???print(path) ???# 动态匹配 ???if path == "/login": ???????with open("login.html","rb") as f: ???????????data = f.read() ???????????return [data] ?# return的格式是列表 ???elif path == "/index": ???????with open("index.html","r") as f: ???????????data = f.read() ???????????return [data.encode("utf-8")] ?# return的格式是列表 ???# start_response中的元素和return的内容共同组成了响应体 ???ret = "<h2>hello world!</h2>".encode(‘utf-8‘) ???return [ret]# 封装好的sockethttped = make_server("127.0.0.1",9001,application)# 等待用户连接；相当于 accept()方法；开始监听HTTP请求httped.serve_forever() ?# 一旦有用户连接，便会执行 application函数

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef login(environ): ?# environ 需要传入函数中，因为好多时候需要读取请求方式 ???with open("login.html","rb") as f: ???????data = f.read() ???return datadef fav(environ): ???with open("favicon.ico", "rb") as f: ???????data = f.read() ???return datadef application(environ, start_response): ???start_response(‘200 OK‘, [(‘Content-Type‘, ‘text/html‘)]) ???path = environ.get("PATH_INFO") ???# 方案一 ???# # favicon.ico是网页的图标（浏览器默认会多发一次请求获取favicon.ico） ???# if path == "/favicon.ico": ???# ????with open("favicon.ico","rb") as f: ???# ????????data = f.read() ???# ????return [data] ???# ???# elif path == "/login": ???# ????with open("login.html","rb") as f: ???# ????????data = f.read() ???# ????return [data] ???# ret = "<h2>hello web!</h2>".encode(‘utf-8‘) ???# return [ret] ???# 方案二：路由分发 ???url_pattern = [ ???????("/favicon.ico",fav), ???????("/login",login) ???] # 列表中放元组，元组中放路径和视图函数 ???func = None ???for item in url_pattern: ???????if path == item[0]: ???????????func = item[1] ???????????break ???if func: ???????return [func(environ)] ???else: ???????return [b‘404!‘]httpd = make_server(‘‘, 8080, application)print(‘Serving HTTP on port 8080...‘)# 开始监听HTTP请求:httpd.serve_forever()

from wsgiref.simple_server import make_serverdef application(environ, start_response): ???start_response(‘200 OK‘, [(‘Content-Type‘, ‘text/html‘)]) ???path = environ.get("PATH_INFO") ???from urls import url_pattern ???func = None ???for item in url_pattern: ???????if path == item[0]: ???????????func = item[1] ???????????break ???if func: ???????return [func(environ)] ???else: ???????return [b‘404!‘]httpd = make_server(‘‘, 8080, application)print(‘Serving HTTP on port 8080...‘)# 开始监听HTTP请求:httpd.serve_forever()

from views import *# 专门处理路径url_pattern = [ ???????("/favicon.ico",fav), ???????("/login",login) ???]

# 专门处理视图分发功能def login(environ): ?# environ 需要传入函数中，因为好多时候需要读取请求方式 ???with open("templates/login.html","rb") as f: ???????data = f.read() ???return datadef fav(environ): ???with open("templates/favicon.ico", "rb") as f: ???????data = f.read() ???return data

"""demo URL ConfigurationThe `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: ???https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/Examples:Function views ???1. Add an import: ?from my_app import views ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)Class-based views ???1. Add an import: ?from other_app.views import Home ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)Including another URLconf ???1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))"""from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import pathfrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???path(‘timer/‘, views.timer),]

from django.shortcuts import render# Create your views here.def timer(request): ???import time ???ctime = time.time() ???return render(request,"timer.html",{"ctime":ctime}) ???# render方法用于发送响应页面；第三个参数字典会嵌入到第二个参数的页面中

"""Django settings for demo project.Generated by ‘django-admin startproject‘ using Django 2.0.1.For more information on this file, seehttps://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/settings/For the full list of settings and their values, seehttps://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/"""import os# Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...)BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))# Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production# See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/deployment/checklist/# SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret!SECRET_KEY = ‘(+nwjycw@5azl7tpxu^)6uf_z@e#(zg6fzwce@%1qxqu-1_(mb‘# SECURITY WARNING: don‘t run with debug turned on in production!DEBUG = TrueALLOWED_HOSTS = []# Application definitionINSTALLED_APPS = [ ???‘django.contrib.admin‘, ???‘django.contrib.auth‘, ???‘django.contrib.contenttypes‘, ???‘django.contrib.sessions‘, ???‘django.contrib.messages‘, ???‘django.contrib.staticfiles‘, ???‘app01.apps.App01Config‘,]MIDDLEWARE = [ ???‘django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware‘, ???‘django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware‘, ???‘django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware‘, ???‘django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware‘, ???‘django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware‘, ???‘django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware‘, ???‘django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware‘,]ROOT_URLCONF = ‘demo.urls‘TEMPLATES = [ ???{ ???????‘BACKEND‘: ‘django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates‘, ???????‘DIRS‘: [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ‘templates‘)] ???????, ???????‘APP_DIRS‘: True, ???????‘OPTIONS‘: { ???????????‘context_processors‘: [ ???????????????‘django.template.context_processors.debug‘, ???????????????‘django.template.context_processors.request‘, ???????????????‘django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth‘, ???????????????‘django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages‘, ???????????], ???????}, ???},]WSGI_APPLICATION = ‘demo.wsgi.application‘# Database# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databasesDATABASES = { ???‘default‘: { ???????‘ENGINE‘: ‘django.db.backends.sqlite3‘, ???????‘NAME‘: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ‘db.sqlite3‘), ???}}# Password validation# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validatorsAUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ ???{ ???????‘NAME‘: ‘django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator‘, ???}, ???{ ???????‘NAME‘: ‘django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator‘, ???}, ???{ ???????‘NAME‘: ‘django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator‘, ???}, ???{ ???????‘NAME‘: ‘django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator‘, ???},]# Internationalization# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/i18n/LANGUAGE_CODE = ‘en-us‘TIME_ZONE = ‘UTC‘USE_I18N = TrueUSE_L10N = TrueUSE_TZ = True# Static files (CSS, JavaScript, Images)# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/static-files/STATIC_URL = ‘/static/‘# 上面的static路径是Django提供给我们的用于代指下面拼出的绝对路径；即使urls.py中没有静态文件夹（static），client浏览器也能通过static来获取static文件夹中的文件；（静态文件夹都放在static中）# STATICFILES_DIRS 一个字都不能错STATICFILES_DIRS = [ ???os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static"),]# 上面两个要配合使用

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> ???<meta charset="UTF-8"> ???<title>Title</title> ???<link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/app01/timer.css"></head><body><h4>当前时间：{{ ctime }}</h4>{#嵌入页面的内容需要用两个大括号包裹，参数对应的是字典中的key#}</body>{#通过/static/来引入静态文件夹中的静态文件#}<script src="/static/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script><script src="/static/app01/timer.js"></script></html>

h4{ ???color:red; ???????}

$(function () { ???$("h4").click(function () { ???????$(this).css("color","green") ???})})

"""路由控制 URL ConfigurationThe `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: ???https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/Examples:Function views ???1. Add an import: ?from my_app import views ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)Class-based views ???1. Add an import: ?from other_app.views import Home ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)Including another URLconf ???1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))"""from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_path,includefrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???# 分发：全局分发器；用于把路径分发到不同的应用（application）里面 ???re_path(r"app01/",include("app01.urls")) ???# include()是分发函数；如果用户访问的是 app01， include里面的 app01.urls这个py文件就能分发下去；此时用户输入的url中需要有 /app01/ ，e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8000/app01/articles/2003/10/123/ ???# 如果想把路径中的 /app01/ 去掉，如下： ???# re_path(r"^",include("app01.urls"))]

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_pathfrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???# 路由配置：路径 ----> 视图函数 ???re_path(r‘^articles/2003/$‘, views.special_case_2003), ???# ^articles/2003/$ ：正则匹配；匹配以articles/2003/开头、以articles/2003/结尾的路径；唯一匹配 ???re_path(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive), ???# ([0-9]{4}) 是一个分组匹配（加了括号）；匹配到路径后，request会传入 year_archive 函数的第一个参数，分组匹配结果会以位置参数传入到year_archive函数的第二个参数， e.g. year_archive(request,1999);so year_archive函数需要有两个参数 ???# 从上到下执行，所以如果匹配到了2003，会走第一个路径，下面的不再执行 ???# 匹配分组之后，视图函数一定要传入相应的位置参数 ???re_path(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$‘, views.month_archive), ???# 同理， month_archive需要有三个参数 ???re_path(r‘^articles/(?P<y>[0-9]{4})/(?P<m>[0-9]{2})/(?P<c>[0-9]+)/$‘, views.article_detail), ???# (?P<名字>)：这是有名分组（就是给每个组取了个名字，用的比较多），有名分组利用的是关键字传参； ???# 有名分组取的名字一定要和后面函数的形参相同；有名分组传参不依赖于位置顺序]

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse# Create your views here.def special_case_2003(request): ?# request指请求对象 ???return HttpResponse("special_case_2003") ???# HttpResponse 指响应对象；参数是字符串，响应体的内容def year_archive(request,year): ???return HttpResponse("year_archive_%s"%year)def month_archive(request,year,month): ???return HttpResponse("month_archive_%s_%s"%(year,month))def article_detail(request,c,m,y): ?# 形参位置顺序无所谓 # y,m,c都是字符串；通过re_path（url）传过来的参数都是字符串格式 ???return HttpResponse(y+"-"+m+"-"+c)

"""路由控制之反向解析 URL ConfigurationThe `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: ???https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/Examples:Function views ???1. Add an import: ?from my_app import views ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, views.home, name=‘home‘)Class-based views ???1. Add an import: ?from other_app.views import Home ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘‘, Home.as_view(), name=‘home‘)Including another URLconf ???1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path ???2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: ?path(‘blog/‘, include(‘blog.urls‘))"""from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import pathfrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???path("login/",views.login,name="log") ?# name=log 是这个url的别名（反向解析）； path()的第一个参数是接口，用户需要知道]

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse# Create your views here.def login(request): ???# request 是请求对象；所有的请求信息都在request里面 ???print(request.method) ???# request.method 表示获取 请求方式（GET/POST） ???if request.method == "GET": ???????print(request.GET) ???????# request.GET 表示获取所有的 GET请求数据；字典的形式 ???????# <QueryDict: {}> ???????return render(request, "login.html") ???????# 反向解析的过程：用户通过 /login/ 这个接口 到达urls.py，然后通过 path("login/",views.login,name="log") 到达 views.py； ???????# render(request, "login.html") 方法在渲染 login.html 这个页面的时候，会在 action="{% url ‘log‘ %}" 这一步 找到别名为 "log" 的url，并将 {% url ‘log‘ %} 替换为该url ???else: ???????print(request.POST) ???????# request.PSOT 表示获取所有的 POST请求数据；字典的形式 ???????# < QueryDict: {‘username‘: [‘123‘], ‘psw‘: [‘123‘]} > ???????# 获取请求体（POST） ???????user = request.POST.get("username") ???????psw = request.POST.get("psw") ???????if user == "abc123" and psw == "abc123": ???????????# 每次请求一定要有 返回值 ???????????return HttpResponse("成功") ???????else: ???????????return HttpResponse("用户名密码错误")

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head> ???<meta charset="UTF-8"> ???<title>Title</title></head><body>{#action如果不写IP和Port，默认是发送到当前的IP端口#}{#<form action="http://127.0.0.1:8000/login/" method="post">#}{#{% url "log" %} 反向解析的语法#}{#通过这种反向解析方法，不管 urls.py 中的路径接口如何改变，action中的路径能始终自动与其保持一致#}<form action="{% url ‘log‘ %}" method="post"> ???用户名：<input type="text" name="username"> ???密码：<input type="password" name="psw"> ???<input type="submit"></form></body></html>

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_pathfrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???# 路由配置：路径 ----> 视图函数 ???re_path(r‘^articles/2003/$‘, views.special_case_2003,name="s_c_2003"), ???# ^articles/2003/$ ：正则匹配；匹配以articles/2003/开头、以articles/2003/结尾的路径；唯一匹配 ???re_path(r‘^articles/([0-9]{4})/$‘, views.year_archive,name="y_a"), # 通过 name="y_a" 给这个url起一个别名]

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse# Create your views here.from django.urls import reversedef special_case_2003(request): ?# request指请求对象 ???# 在视图函数中也可以反向解析获取其他的url ???url1 = reverse("s_c_2003") ?# 反向解析 ???url2 = reverse("y_a",args=("1999",)) ???# 由于别名为 "y_a" 的那个url含有正则匹配的分组，而我们指向解析出来的应该是一个具体的路径，而不是一个匹配规则，所以在reverse("y_a",args=("1999",)) 中需要手动添加一个元组如args=("1999",)，元组中的元素得满足 该url的正则匹配规则 ???print(url1) ???print(url2) ???return HttpResponse("special_case_2003") ???# HttpResponse 指响应对象；参数是字符串，响应体的内容

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_path,includeurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???# 分发：全局分发器；用于把路径分发到不同的应用（application）里面 ???re_path(r"^app01/",include(("app01.urls","app01"))), ???re_path(r"^app02/",include(("app02.urls","app02"))) # 元组的第二个参数表示该url的名称空间]

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_pathfrom app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???re_path(r"index/",views.index,name="index") # name为路径的别名]

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse# Create your views here.from django.urls import reversedef index(request): ???return HttpResponse(reverse("app01:index")) # 反向解析的时候，reverse("app01:index")中 app01:index 表示 app01这个名称空间中的别名 index

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_pathfrom app02 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???re_path(r"index/",views.index,name="index")]

from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse# Create your views here.from django.urls import reversedef index(request): ???return HttpResponse(reverse("app02:index"))

from django.urls import path ?from . import views ?urlpatterns = [ ?????path(‘articles/2003/‘, views.special_case_2003), ?????path(‘articles/<int:year>/‘, views.year_archive), ?????path(‘articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/‘, views.month_archive), ?????path(‘articles/<int:year>/<int:month>/<slug>/‘, views.article_detail), ?]

# 自定义path转化器class FourDigitYearConvert: ???regex = "[0-9]{4}" # 匹配规则 ???def to_python(self,value): ???????return int(value) ???def to_url(self,value): ???????return "%04d" %value

from django.contrib import adminfrom django.urls import path,re_path,include,register_converterfrom app01.urlconvert import FourDigitYearConvertregister_converter(FourDigitYearConvert,"yyyy") ?# 把自定义的path转化器注册一下；第二个参数是为该转化器起的一个别名，后面用的时候就用这个别名from app01 import viewsurlpatterns = [ ???path(‘admin/‘, admin.site.urls), ???path("articles/<yyyy:year>",views.path_year), # 调用该自定义的path转化器]