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Netty2:粘包/拆包问题与使用LineBasedFrameDecoder的解决方案

发布时间:2023-09-06 01:48责任编辑:傅花花关键词:暂无标签

什么是粘包、拆包

粘包、拆包是Socket编程中最常遇见的一个问题,本文来研究一下Netty是如何解决粘包、拆包的,首先我们从什么是粘包、拆包开始说起:

TCP是个"流"协议,所谓流,就是没有界限的一串数据,TCP底层并不了解上层业务的具体含义,它会根据TCP缓冲区的实际情况进行包的划分,所以在业务上:
  • 一个完整的包可能会被TCP拆分为多个包进行发送(拆包)
  • 多个小的包也有可能被封装成一个大的包进行发送(粘包)

这就是所谓的TCP粘包与拆包

下图演示了粘包、拆包的场景:

 基本上有四种情况:

  • Data1、Data2都分开发送到了Server端,没有产生粘包与拆包的情况
  • Data1、Data2数据粘在了一起,打成了一个大的包发送到了Server端,这种情况就是粘包
  • Data1被分成Data1_1与Data1_2,Data1_1先到服务端,Data1_2与Data2再到服务端,这种情况就是拆包
  • Data2被分成Data2_1与Data2_2,Data1与Data2_1先到服务端,Data2_2再到服务端,同上,这也是一种拆包的场景

粘包、拆包产生的原因

上面我们详细了解了TCP粘包与拆包,那么粘包与拆包为什么会发生呢,大致上有三种原因:

  • 应用程序写入的字节大小大于Socket发送缓冲区大小
  • 进行MSS大小的TCP,MSS是最大报文段长度的缩写,是TCP报文段中的数据字段最大长度,MSS=TCP报文段长度-TCP首部长度
  • 以太网的Payload大于MTU,进行IP分片,MTU是最大传输单元的缩写,以太网的MTU为1500字节

粘包、拆包解决策略

由于底层的TCP无法理解上层的业务数据,所以在底层是无法保证数据包不被拆分和重组的,这个问题只能通过上层的应用协议栈设计来解决,根据业界的主流协议的解决方案,可以归纳如下:

  • 消息定长,例如每个报文的大小固定为200字节,如果不够空位补空格
  • 包尾增加回车换行符进行分割,例如FTP协议
  • 将消息分为消息头和消息体,消息头中包含表示长度的字段,通常涉及思路为消息头的第一个字段使用int32来表示消息的总长度
  • 更复杂的应用层协议

未考虑TCP粘包导致功能异常演示

基于Netty的第一篇文章《Netty1:初识Netty》,TimeServer与TimeClient不变,简单修改一下TimeServerHandler与TimeClientHandler即可以模拟出TCP粘包的情况,首先修改TimeClientHandler:

 1 public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { 2 ?3 ????private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TimeClientHandler.class); 4 ?????5 ????private int counter; 6 ?????7 ????private byte[] req; 8 ?????9 ????public TimeClientHandler() {10 ????????req = ("QUERY TIME ORDER" + System.getProperty("line.separator")).getBytes();11 ????}12 ????13 ????@Override14 ????public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {15 ????????ByteBuf message = null;16 ????????for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {17 ????????????message = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);18 ????????????message.writeBytes(req);19 ????????????ctx.writeAndFlush(message);20 ????????}21 ????}22 ????23 ????@Override24 ????public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {25 ????????ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf)msg;26 ????????byte[] req = new byte[buf.readableBytes()];27 ????????buf.readBytes(req);28 ????????29 ????????String body = new String(req, "UTF-8");30 ????????System.out.println("Now is:" + body + "; the counter is:" + ++counter);31 ????}32 ????33 ????@Override34 ????public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {35 ????????LOGGER.warn("Unexcepted exception from downstream:" + cause.getMessage());36 ????????ctx.close();37 ????}38 ????39 }

TimeClientHandler的变化是,之前是发送一次"QUERY TIME ORDER"到服务端,现在变为发送100次"QUERY TIME ORDER"+标准换行符到服务端,并在客户端增加一个计数器,记录从服务端收到的响应次数。

服务单TimeServerHandler也简单改造一下,增加一个计数器记录一下从客户端收到的请求次数:

 1 public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { 2 ?3 ????private int counter; 4 ?????5 ????@Override 6 ????public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception { 7 ????????ByteBuf buf = (ByteBuf)msg; 8 ????????byte[] req = new byte[buf.readableBytes()]; 9 ????????buf.readBytes(req);10 ????????11 ????????String body = new String(req, "UTF-8").substring(0, req.length - System.getProperty("line.separator").length());12 ????????System.out.println("The time server receive order:" + body + "; the counter is:" + ++counter);13 ????????14 ????????String currentTime = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(body) ? new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()).toString() : "BAD ORDER";15 ????????currentTime = currentTime + System.getProperty("line.separator");16 ????????17 ????????ByteBuf resp = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(currentTime.getBytes());18 ????????ctx.writeAndFlush(resp);19 ????}20 ????21 ????@Override22 ????public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {23 ????????ctx.close();24 ????}25 ????26 }

按照设计,服务端应该会打印出100次"Time time server...",客户端应当会打印出100次"Now is ...",因为客户端向服务端发送了100次"QUERY TIME ORDER"的请求,实际运行起来呢?先看一下服务端的打印:

The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDERQUERY TIME ORDER...省略,这里有55个QUERY TIME ORD; the counter is:1The time server receive order:...省略,这里有42个QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:2

counter最终等于2,表明服务端实际上只收到了2条请求,很显然这里发生了粘包,即多个客户端的包合成了一个发送到了服务端,服务端每收到一个包的大小为1024字节。

接着看一下客户端的打印:

Now is:BAD ORDERBAD ORDER; the counter is:1

因为服务端只收到了2条消息,因此客户端也只会收到2条消息,因为服务端两次收到的内容都不满足"QUERY TIME ORDER",因此返回"BAD ORDER"到客户端,但是为什么客户端的counter=1呢?回过头来仔细想想,因此服务端发送给客户端的消息也发生了粘包。因此这里简单得出一个结论:粘包/拆包不仅仅发生在客户端给服务端发送数据,服务端回数据给客户端同样有可能发生粘包/拆包

上面的例子演示了粘包,拆包其实一样的,既然可以知道服务端每收到一个包的大小为1024字节,那客户端每次发送一个大于1024字节的数据给服务端就可以了,有兴趣的朋友可以自己尝试一下。

利用LineBasedFrameDecoder解决粘包问题

为了解决TCP粘包/拆包导致的半包读写问题,Netty默认提供了多种编解码器用于处理半包,针对上面发送"QUERY TIME ORDER"+标准换行符的这种场景,简单使用LineBasedFrameDecoder就可以解决上面发生的粘包问题。

首先对TimeServer进行改造,加入LineBasedFrameDecoder与StringDecoder:

 1 public class TimeServer { 2 ?3 ????public void bind(int port) throws Exception { 4 ????????// NIO线程组 5 ????????EventLoopGroup bossGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); 6 ????????EventLoopGroup workerGroup = new NioEventLoopGroup(); 7 ?????????8 ????????try { 9 ????????????ServerBootstrap b = new ServerBootstrap();10 ????????????b.group(bossGroup, workerGroup)11 ????????????????.channel(NioServerSocketChannel.class)12 ????????????????.option(ChannelOption.SO_BACKLOG, 1024)13 ????????????????.childHandler(new ChildChannelHandler());14 ????????????15 ????????????// 绑定端口,同步等待成功16 ????????????ChannelFuture f = b.bind(port).sync();17 ????????????// 等待服务端监听端口关闭18 ????????????f.channel().closeFuture().sync();19 ????????} finally {20 ????????????// 优雅退出,释放线程池资源21 ????????????bossGroup.shutdownGracefully();22 ????????????workerGroup.shutdownGracefully();23 ????????}24 ????}25 ????26 ????private class ChildChannelHandler extends ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel> {27 ????????@Override28 ????????protected void initChannel(SocketChannel arg0) throws Exception {29 ????????????arg0.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));30 ????????????arg0.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());31 ????????????arg0.pipeline().addLast(new TimeServerHandler());32 ????????}33 ????}34 ????35 }

改造点就在29行、30行两行,加入了LineBasedFrameDecoder与StringDecoder,同时TimeServerHandler也需要相应改造:

 1 public class TimeServerHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { 2 ?3 ????private int counter; 4 ?????5 ????@Override 6 ????public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception { 7 ????????String body = (String)msg; 8 ????????System.out.println("The time server receive order:" + body + "; the counter is:" + ++counter); 9 ????????10 ????????String currentTime = "QUERY TIME ORDER".equalsIgnoreCase(body) ? new Date(System.currentTimeMillis()).toString() : "BAD ORDER";11 ????????currentTime = currentTime + System.getProperty("line.separator");12 ????????13 ????????ByteBuf resp = Unpooled.copiedBuffer(currentTime.getBytes());14 ????????ctx.writeAndFlush(resp);15 ????}16 ????17 ????@Override18 ????public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {19 ????????ctx.close();20 ????}21 ????22 }

改造点在第7行,由于使用了StringDecoder,因此channelRead的第二个参数msg不再是ByteBuf类型而是String类型,因此这里只需要做一次String强转即可。

TimeClient改造类似:

 1 public class TimeClient { 2 ?3 ????public void connect(int port, String host) throws Exception { 4 ????????EventLoopGroup group = new NioEventLoopGroup(); 5 ????????try { 6 ????????????Bootstrap b = new Bootstrap(); 7 ?????????????8 ????????????b.group(group) 9 ????????????????.channel(NioSocketChannel.class)10 ????????????????.option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY, true)11 ????????????????.handler(new ChannelInitializer<SocketChannel>() {12 ????????????????????protected void initChannel(SocketChannel ch) throws Exception {13 ????????????????????????ch.pipeline().addLast(new LineBasedFrameDecoder(1024));14 ????????????????????????ch.pipeline().addLast(new StringDecoder());15 ????????????????????????ch.pipeline().addLast(new TimeClientHandler());16 ????????????????????};17 ????????????????});18 ????????????19 ????????????// 发起异步连接操作20 ????????????ChannelFuture f = b.connect(host, port).sync();21 ????????????// 等待客户端连接关闭22 ????????????f.channel().closeFuture().sync();23 ????????} finally {24 ????????????// 优雅退出,释放NIO线程组25 ????????????group.shutdownGracefully();26 ????????}27 ????}28 ????29 }

第13行、第14行这两行加入了LineBasedFrameDecoder与StringDecoder,TimeClientHandler相应改造:

 1 public class TimeClientHandler extends ChannelHandlerAdapter { 2 ?3 ????private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TimeClientHandler.class); 4 ?????5 ????private int counter; 6 ?????7 ????private byte[] req; 8 ?????9 ????public TimeClientHandler() {10 ????????req = ("QUERY TIME ORDER" + System.getProperty("line.separator")).getBytes();11 ????}12 ????13 ????@Override14 ????public void channelActive(ChannelHandlerContext ctx) throws Exception {15 ????????ByteBuf message = null;16 ????????for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {17 ????????????message = Unpooled.buffer(req.length);18 ????????????message.writeBytes(req);19 ????????????ctx.writeAndFlush(message);20 ????????}21 ????}22 ????23 ????@Override24 ????public void channelRead(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Object msg) throws Exception {25 ????????String body = (String)msg;26 ????????System.out.println("Now is:" + body + "; the counter is:" + ++counter);27 ????}28 ????29 ????@Override30 ????public void exceptionCaught(ChannelHandlerContext ctx, Throwable cause) throws Exception {31 ????????LOGGER.warn("Unexcepted exception from downstream:" + cause.getMessage());32 ????????ctx.close();33 ????}34 ????35 }

第25行这里使用String进行强转即可。接下来看一下服务端的打印:

The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:1The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:2The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:3The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:4The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:5...The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:98The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:99The time server receive order:QUERY TIME ORDER; the counter is:100

看到服务端正常counter从1打印到了100,即收到了100个完整的客户端请求,客户端的打印如下:

Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:1Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:2Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:3Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:4Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:5...Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:98Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:99Now is:Sat Apr 07 16:00:51 CST 2018; the counter is:100

看到同样的客户端也正常counter从1打印到了100,即收到了100个完整的服务端响应,至此,使用LineBasedFrameDecoder与StringDecoder解决了上述粘包问题。

整个LineBasedFrameDecoder的原理也比较简单:

LineBasedFrameDecoder依次遍历ByteBuf中的可读字节,判断是否有"\n"或者"\r\n",如果有就以此位置为结束位置,从可读索引到结束位置区间的字节就组成了一行,它是以换行符为结束标志的解码器,支持携带结束符或者不携带结束符两种解码方式,同时支持配置单行的最大长度,如果连续读到最大长度后仍然没有发现换行符,就会抛出异常,同时忽略掉之前读到的异常码流。

StringDecoder的功能非常简单,就是将接收到的对象转换为字符串,然后继续调用后面的Handler

LineBasedFrameDecoder+StringDecoder就是按行切换的文本解码器,被设计用于支持TCP的粘包和拆包

Netty2:粘包/拆包问题与使用LineBasedFrameDecoder的解决方案

原文地址:https://www.cnblogs.com/xrq730/p/8724391.html

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