接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

发布时间：2023-09-06 01:15责任编辑：顾先生关键词：http

https请求

https协议（Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol）：

安全超文本传输协议， HTTPS以保密为目标研发，简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，其安全基础是SSL协议，因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP，但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层（在HTTP与TCP之间）。

HTTPS和HTTP的区别：

一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书，一般免费证书很少，需要交费。

二、 http是超文本传输协议，信息是明文传输， https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。

三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式，用的端口也不一样，前者是80，后者是443。

四、 http的连接很简单，是无状态的； HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、身份认证的网络协议，比http协议安全。

https访问博客园中的新闻页面，实现代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient; 2 ?3 import java.io.IOException; 4 import java.security.KeyManagementException; 5 import java.security.KeyStoreException; 6 import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; 7 import java.security.cert.CertificateException; 8 import java.security.cert.X509Certificate; 9 10 import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;11 12 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;13 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;14 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;15 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;16 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;17 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;18 import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;19 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;20 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;21 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;22 23 public class yihuqingjiu_https {24 25 ????public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){26 ????????try {27 ????????????????SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){28 ????????????????//信任所有29 ????????????????public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{30 ????????????????return true;31 ????????????????}32 ????????????}).build();33 ????????????SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext);34 ????????????return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();35 ????????????} catch (KeyManagementException e) {36 ????????????????e.printStackTrace();37 ????????????} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {38 ????????????????e.printStackTrace();39 ????????????} catch (KeyStoreException e) {40 ????????????????e.printStackTrace();41 ????????????} 42 ????????????return HttpClients.createDefault();43 ????????????}44 ????45 ????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {46 ????????CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault();47 ????????HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/");48 ????????CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg);49 ????????HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();50 ????????String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8");51 ????????System.out.println(content);52 ????????hp.close();53 54 ????}55 56 }

若不添加信任，createSSLClientDefault()方法，会访问失败

代理设置

代理，也称网络代理，是一种特殊的网络服务，允许一个网络终端（一般为客户端）通过这个服务与另一个网络终端（一般为服务器）进行非直接的连接。一些网关、路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全，防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候，出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。

fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1：8888，但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例，但在fiddler中抓取不到，这就需要进行代理设置了。

代码实现如下：

 1 package com.httpclient; 2 ?3 import java.io.IOException; 4 ?5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost; 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;14 15 public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy {16 17 ????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {18 ????????//创建httpclient对象19 ????????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();20 ????????//代理对象21 ????????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");22 ????????//配置对象23 ????????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();24 ????????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url25 ????????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");26 ????????//使用配置27 ????????httpget.setConfig(config);28 ????????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);29 ????????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();30 ????????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");31 ????????System.out.println(content);32 ????????httpClient.close();33 34 ????}35 36 }

请求头设置

有很多服务器，会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器，若不是浏览器，会拒绝访问，所以就需要设置请求头

当我们打开一个网页时，浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头，然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求，响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、请求头、响应头和实体头四个部分。每个头域由一个域名，冒号（:）和域值三部分组成。

部分请求头属性介绍：

accept：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它所支持的数据类型。如： text/html,image/jpeg

accept-Charset：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种字符集

accept-encoding：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它支持哪种压缩格式

accept-language：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它的语言环境

host：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器，它想访问哪台主机

Connection：表示客户端与服务连接类型

User-Agent（用户代理），简称 UA，它是一个特殊字符串头，使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、浏览器及版本、浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、浏览器插件等

首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处

httpclient访问：

浏览器访问：

可以很清楚的看出，各自的请求头不同

设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法：

第一种实现代码如下

package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_header { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????//设置请求头 ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate"); ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36"); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}

然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息，和浏览器访问一样了，如下图所示：

第二中实现方式，创建代理对象，代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient; 2 ?3 import java.io.IOException; 4 ?5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost; 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;11 import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;14 import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;15 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;16 17 import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;18 19 public class yihuqingjiu_header1 {20 21 ????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {22 ????????//创建httpclient对象23 ????????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();24 ????????//代理对象25 ????????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");26 ????????//配置对象27 ????????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();28 ????????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url29 ????????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");30 ????????//使用配置31 ????????httpget.setConfig(config);32 ????????//设置请求头,对象实现33 ????????BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8");34 ????????httpget.setHeader(a);35 ????????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);36 ????????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();37 ????????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");38 ????????System.out.println(content);39 ????????httpClient.close();40 41 ????}42 43 }

第三种实现方式，数组实现，代码如下：

package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;public class yihuqingjiu_header2 { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????//设置请求头，数组实现 ???????BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2]; ???????//写法1 ???????//BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????//header[0]=a; ???????//写法2 ???????header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeaders(header); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}

获取状态码

可以获取Headers中的信息，也就是Headers中的第一行数据，获取状态码实现代码如下：

 1 package com.httpclient; 2 ?3 import java.io.IOException; 4 ?5 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; 6 import org.apache.http.HttpHost; 7 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; 8 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; 9 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;11 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;13 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;14 15 public class yihuqingjiu_response1 {16 17 ????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {18 ????????//创建httpclient对象19 ????????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();20 ????????//代理对象21 ????????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");22 ????????//配置对象23 ????????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();24 ????????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url25 ????????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");26 ????????//使用配置27 ????????httpget.setConfig(config);28 ????????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);29 ????????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();30 ????????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");31 ????????System.out.println(content);32 ????????System.out.println("------------------------------------");33 ????????//获取响应状态码34 ????????int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode();35 ????????System.out.println("code:"+code);36 ????????String a = response.getStatusLine().toString();37 ????????System.out.println("a:"+a); ???38 ????????httpClient.close();39 ????}40 41 }

接收响应头

响应头也是Headers中的内容，如下图所示：

实现代码如下所示，里面包含多种实现方式，但输出的内容都差不多

 1 package com.httpclient; 2 ?3 import java.io.IOException; 4 ?5 import org.apache.http.Header; 6 import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; 7 import org.apache.http.HttpHost; 8 import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; 9 import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;10 import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;11 import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;12 import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;13 import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;14 import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;15 16 public class yihuqingjiu_response {17 18 ????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException {19 ????????//创建httpclient对象20 ????????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault();21 ????????//代理对象22 ????????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http");23 ????????//配置对象24 ????????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build();25 ????????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url26 ????????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com");27 ????????//使用配置28 ????????httpget.setConfig(config);29 ????????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget);30 ????????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity();31 ????????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8");32 ????????System.out.println(content);33 ????????System.out.println("------------------------------------");34 ????????//接收响应头35 ????????//获取一个响应头，first和last两个方法指的是，当里面有两个一样的响应时，就去第一个或最后一个36 ????????String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString();37 ????????System.out.println(server);38 ????????//获取所有响应头39 ????????Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders();40 ????????//遍历输出所有41 ????????for(Header as:header){42 ????????????System.out.println(as.toString());43 ????????}44 ????????System.out.println("------------------------------------");45 ????????//输出name46 ????????for(Header name:header){47 ????????????System.out.println(name.getName());48 ????????}49 ????????System.out.println("------------------------------------");50 ????????//输出value51 ????????for(Header value:header){52 ????????????System.out.println(value.getValue());53 ????????}54 ????????//输出第一个55 ????????//System.out.println(header[0].toString());56 ????????//输出数组大小57 ????????Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server");58 ????????System.out.println(ha.length);59 ????????httpClient.close();60 61 ????}62 63 }

本文仅代表作者观点，系作者@温一壶清酒发表。转载请注明出处：http://www.cnblogs.com/hong-fithing/

接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

原文地址：http://www.cnblogs.com/hong-fithing/p/7617855.html

接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头

目录

https请求

代理设置

请求头设置

获取状态码

接收响应头

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