转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/hong-fithing/p/7617855.html
https请求
https协议（Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol） ：
安全超文本传输协议， HTTPS以保密为目标研发， 简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议， 其安全基础是SSL协议， 因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。 全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。 用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP， 但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层（在HTTP与TCP之间）。
HTTPS和HTTP的区别：
一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书， 一般免费证书很少， 需要交费。
二、 http是超文本传输协议， 信息是明文传输， https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。
三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式， 用的端口也不一样， 前者是80，后者是443。
四、 http的连接很简单， 是无状态的； HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议， 比http协议安全。
https访问博客园中的新闻页面，实现代码如下：
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import java.security.KeyManagementException;import java.security.KeyStoreException;import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;import java.security.cert.CertificateException;import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder;import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_https { ???public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){ ???????try { ???????????????SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){ ???????????????//信任所有 ???????????????public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{ ???????????????return true; ???????????????} ???????????}).build(); ???????????SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext); ???????????return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build(); ???????????} catch (KeyManagementException e) { ???????????????e.printStackTrace(); ???????????} catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { ???????????????e.printStackTrace(); ???????????} catch (KeyStoreException e) { ???????????????e.printStackTrace(); ???????????} ????????????return HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????????} ???????public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault(); ???????HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/"); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg); ???????HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); ???????String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????hp.close(); ???}}若不添加信任，createSSLClientDefault()方法，会访问失败
代理设置
代理，也称网络代理，是一种特殊的网络服务， 允许一个网络终端（一般为客户端） 通过这个服务与另一个网络终端（一般为服务器） 进行非直接的连接。 一些网关、 路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。 一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全， 防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候， 出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。
fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1：8888，但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例，但在fiddler中抓取不到，这就需要进行代理设置了。
代码实现如下：
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}请求头设置
有很多服务器，会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器，若不是浏览器，会拒绝访问，所以就需要设置请求头
当我们打开一个网页时， 浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头， 然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求， 响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、 请求头、 响应头和实体头四个部分。 每个头域由一个域名， 冒号（:） 和域值三部分组成。
部分请求头属性介绍：
accept：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器， 它所支持的数据类型。 如： text/html,image/jpeg
accept-Charset：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器， 它支持哪种字符集
accept-encoding：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器， 它支持哪种压缩格式
accept-language：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器， 它的语言环境
host：浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器， 它想访问哪台主机
Connection：表示客户端与服务连接类型
User-Agent（用户代理），简称 UA， 它是一个特殊字符串头， 使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、 浏览器及版本、 浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、 浏览器插件等
首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处
httpclient访问：
浏览器访问：
可以很清楚的看出，各自的请求头不同
设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法：
第一种实现代码如下
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_header { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????//设置请求头 ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate"); ???????httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36"); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息，和浏览器访问一样了，如下图所示：
第二中实现方式，创建代理对象，代码如下：
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;public class yihuqingjiu_header1 { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????//设置请求头,对象实现 ???????BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeader(a); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}第三种实现方式，数组实现，代码如下：
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders;public class yihuqingjiu_header2 { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????//设置请求头，数组实现 ???????BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2]; ???????//写法1 ???????//BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????//header[0]=a; ???????//写法2 ???????header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); ???????header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); ???????httpget.setHeaders(header); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}获取状态码
可以获取Headers中的信息，也就是Headers中的第一行数据，获取状态码实现代码如下：
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_response1 { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????System.out.println("------------------------------------"); ???????//获取响应状态码 ???????int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); ???????System.out.println("code:"+code); ???????String a = response.getStatusLine().toString(); ???????System.out.println("a:"+a); ???????????httpClient.close(); ???}}接收响应头
响应头也是Headers中的内容，如下图所示：
实现代码如下所示，里面包含多种实现方式，但输出的内容都差不多
package com.httpclient;import java.io.IOException;import org.apache.http.Header;import org.apache.http.HttpEntity;import org.apache.http.HttpHost;import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException;import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig;import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse;import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet;import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient;import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients;import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils;public class yihuqingjiu_response { ???public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { ???????//创建httpclient对象 ???????CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); ???????//代理对象 ???????HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); ???????//配置对象 ???????RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); ???????//创建请求方法的实例， 并指定请求url ???????HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); ???????//使用配置 ???????httpget.setConfig(config); ???????CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); ???????HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); ???????String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); ???????System.out.println(content); ???????System.out.println("------------------------------------"); ???????//接收响应头 ???????//获取一个响应头，first和last两个方法指的是，当里面有两个一样的响应时，就去第一个或最后一个 ???????String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString(); ???????System.out.println(server); ???????//获取所有响应头 ???????Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders(); ???????//遍历输出所有 ???????for(Header as:header){ ???????????System.out.println(as.toString()); ???????} ???????System.out.println("------------------------------------"); ???????//输出name ???????for(Header name:header){ ???????????System.out.println(name.getName()); ???????} ???????System.out.println("------------------------------------"); ???????//输出value ???????for(Header value:header){ ???????????System.out.println(value.getValue()); ???????} ???????//输出第一个 ???????//System.out.println(header[0].toString()); ???????//输出数组大小 ???????Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server"); ???????System.out.println(ha.length); ???????httpClient.close(); ???}}遍历输出所有响应头内容，如下所示：
接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求、代理设置、请求头设置、获取状态码和响应头
原文地址：https://www.cnblogs.com/yadongliang/p/9665521.html